The Roman criminal process has oscillated between the ACCUSATIO (accusatory) system and the Inquisitorial (inquisitorial). Quaestiones perpetuae have traditionally been regarded as a manifestation of an accusatory system; and from one inquisitor (inquisitorial) to cognitio (knowledge taking) extraordinem. Modernly it is held that in cognitio (along with jurisdictio, powers granted to magistrates during judicial processes) there was continuity of the preceding accusatory method. But there are great controversies and eclecticism is the theory best admitted both in Roman law and in modern criminal process.
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